Severe Weather 101
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Frequently Asked Questions About Lightning
Lightning from thunderstorms begins in a strong electric field between opposite charges within the storm cloud, and can stay completely within the cloud (intra-cloud lightning) when the charge regions are similar strength (balanced) or can reach the ground (cloud-to-ground lightning) when one of the regions is much stronger than the other (unbalanced).
Lightning is one of the oldest observed natural phenomena on earth. It can be seen in volcanic eruptions, extremely intense forest fires (pyrocumulonimbus clouds), surface nuclear detonations, heavy snowstorms, in large hurricanes, and obviously, thunderstorms.
![Lightning Lightning](https://blog.opentable.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/108/2012/05/Fiddlehead-Ferns.jpg)
Fun fact: thunder can seem like it goes on and on because each point along the channel produces a shock wave and sound wave, so what you hear as thunder is actually an accumulation of multiple sound waves from the different portions of the lightning channel.
A helmeted bicyclist experienced a lightning strike to the head under fair weather conditions with a cloudless sky. It was determined that the bolt probably originated in a thunderstorm that was about 16km (approximately ten miles) away and obscured by mountains.
Lightning traveling down a tree trunk turns water to steam. If it gets under the bark into the surface moisture of the wood, the rapidly expanding steam can blast pieces of bark and branches from the tree, and the wood along the path is often killed.The charge carried by the lightning is then dissipated along the surface of the Earth. If you are near something that was hit by lightning such as a tree or fence, this process can be very dangerous as all of this current does not get dissipated instantaneously. The lightning may hit a tree then branch off and hit something else, or after the current travels through the tree trunk, it can also travel through the immediately surrounding area, and into anything or anyone nearby. This process, however, is fairly quick, so the ground or whatever was struck does not remain electrically dangerous afterwards.
The lightning current can travel even farther through water, metal fences, power lines or plumbing. Lightning current may enter a building and transfer through wires or plumbing and damage everything in its path. Similarly, in urban areas, it may strike a pole or tree and the current then travels to several nearby houses and other structures and enter them through wiring or plumbing.
80 Percent Lightning Link
These conditions are most often met in the warm seasons (spring, summer, early autumn). In general, the US mainland has a decreasing amount of lightning toward the northwest. Over the entire year, the highest frequency of cloud-to-ground lightning is in Florida between Tampa and Orlando. This is due to the presence, on many days during the year, of a large moisture content in the atmosphere at low levels (below 5,000 feet), as well as high surface temperatures that produce strong sea breezes along the Florida coasts. The western mountains of the US also produce strong upward motions and contribute to frequent cloud-to-ground lightning. There are also high frequencies along the Gulf of Mexico coast, the Atlantic coast in the southeast US, and inland from the Gulf. Regions along the Pacific west coast have the least cloud-to-ground lightning.
A secondary process may occur when electric fields increase and cause droplet to become polarized (ions within droplets driven by the electric field to oppose sides of the droplet). If part of the droplet freezes onto an ice particle and the rest breaks away, some net charge of ions from the drop can be captured by the ice. This is known as an inductive process since it requires an appreciable electric field to occur.
During the winter, the land surface is cooler because there is not as much heating by the sun to warm it up. Without warm surface temperatures, the near-surface air wouldn't rise in the atmosphere very far. Thus, the kinds of deep (8-15 km deep) thunderstorms that develop in the summertime wouldn't develop.
Warm air holds more water vapor. And, when water vapor condenses into liquid water cloud drops, latent heat is released which fuels the thunderstorm. So, warm, moist air near the surface (and the proper conditions aloft to give you lots of instability) can result in deep convection, which may produce lightning discharges.